The Ultimate Guide to Supply Chain Management

Posted by Chris Kaczor

in Warehouse

Updated April 7th, 2024

Table of Contents

• The Three Levels of Supply Chain Management
• SCM Process Flows
• The Key Elements of Supply Chain Management
• Supply Chain Management Challenges for Modern Businesses
• Supply Chain Management Technologies
• Best Practices for Effective Supply Chain Management
• Additional Resources on Supply Chain Management

Supply chain management is the oversight and facilitation of the people, processes, information, and technologies involved in the flow of goods and services from manufacturers and producers to customers and end users. The goal of supply chain management is to streamline these activities to ensure optimal efficiency and cost-effectiveness from start to finish, encompassing everything from production to product development, as well as the systems and processes utilized to direct these activities. 
When executed well, supply chain management enables organizations to eliminate wasteful spending, cut costs, and ultimately deliver products and services to the customer and end user more rapidly, without introducing errors and delays. To do this, supply chain professionals must maintain tight control over inventory (including both internal inventory and the inventories of company vendors), internal production, distribution, and sales.
Naturally, supply chain management is no simple feat – managing the multitude of people, processes, information, and technologies involved in making a supply chain run like a well-oiled machine is a complex undertaking, requiring a top-level, visionary view coupled with the ability to drill down into specific processes and systems that are hindering overall operations. We’ve put together this comprehensive guide to supply chain management to provide an overview of the various facets of supply chain management and how they work together to facilitate the production and distribution of goods and services to end consumers.
In this guide, we’ll discuss:

• The Three Levels of Supply Chain Management
• SCM Process Flows
• The Key Elements of Supply Chain Management
• Supply Chain Management Challenges for Modern Businesses
• Supply Chain Management Technologies
• Best Practices for Supply Chain Management
• Additional Resources on Supply Chain Management

The Three Levels of Supply Chain Management

A supply chain is “the connected network of individuals, organizations, resources, activities and technologies involved in the manufacture and sale of a product or service,” explains Investopedia. “A supply chain starts with the delivery of raw material from a supplier to a manufacturer, and ends with the delivery of the finished product or service to the end consumer.” The role of supply chain management is to oversee each touch point throughout this journey, from product development to the final sale to an end consumer. That means there are many junctures throughout the supply chain where organizations can add value through greater efficiency or lose value when expenses are increased without other factors that mitigate those increased costs.
Supply chain management, therefore, involves a variety of functions, processes, and activities. All of these things fall into one of three levels of supply chain management. Understanding these three levels makes it easier to grasp the scope of supply chain management as a whole:

• Strategic Planning – Strategic planning decisions, often made by upper management, are typically those that affect the organization as a whole rather than individual departments or functions, and they often involve long-term planning. For instance, the decision to open a new manufacturing facility or warehouse is a strategic decision, as well as the decision to explore new markets or develop new product lines. Strategic planning decisions are often the first step in developing and defining processes. Examples include how inventory and products are managed throughout the lifecycle, investments in IT solutions that can improve efficiency and/or accuracy, or choosing a site for a new business facility.
• Tactical Management – Tactical management decisions are where processes are actually defined, and these decisions play an important role in both minimizing risks and controlling costs. This level emphasizes consumer demand and aims to achieve the best value. Examples include obtaining procurement contracts for materials and services, developing production schedules, establishing guidelines for meeting regulatory standards, and warehousing and logistics decisions.
• Operational – Operational decisions should be made only within the context of strategic and tactical decisions that have already been established. Many businesses make the mistake of starting with operational planning without first addressing strategy and tactical planning and decision-making needs. The decisions made at the operational level impact the day-to-day operations of a business unit, department, or individual, and are designed to ensure the maximum cost benefit and overall efficiency of the supply chain – in short, the activities carried out and decisions made at the operational level are what keep the supply chain active. Operational processes include managing the flow of products and materials (both incoming and outgoing), managing inventory, overseeing production operations, and daily and weekly forecasting to inform decisions that enable the company to meet demands.

When planning and decision-making is conducted efficiently, with operational decisions made with an awareness of the broader strategic and tactical decisions, the supply chain functions more efficiently as a whole.

SCM Process Flows

Decisions made at any level described above are concerned in some way with one or more of five primary process flows that exist in supply chain management. Each of these core process flows may be comprised of hundreds – easily thousands – of macro and micro processes that take place to keep the supply chain functioning. The five primary process flows include: 

• Flow of Products – Of course, the ultimate goal of supply chain management is to ensure the efficient flow of products through the life cycle, from production to delivery to the customer or end user. Supply chain management must also ensure a smooth flow of products in the reverse, facilitating a streamlined process for customers to return products to the company, as well as processes and procedures for restocking, refurbishing, or disposing of returned products.
• Flow of Information – Without real-time information, errors and delays are impossible to avoid throughout the supply chain. Thus, supply chain management must ensure a seamless flow of information internally among departments as well as among the company and its vendors, suppliers, third-party logistics organizations, and customers. Product inventory, supply inventory, orders placed, order status, returns received, refunds processed, and delivery information are just a few examples of real-time information imperative to effective supply chain operations.
• Flow of Finances – Money is to the supply chain as fuel is to automobiles; without it, the supply chain comes to a screeching halt. Pricing, credit terms and contracts, payment terms, and other financial exchanges must all function smoothly to avoid disruptions in the supply chain.
• Flow of Value – Value-creating processes exist throughout the supply chain, with the ultimate goal of adding value to benefit the end consumer. These processes even exist after production, such as in retail settings where the products are eventually sold to the end user. In this case, the value add is that the retailer is making the product available and accessible in a convenient way for the consumer. This concept is also known as a “value chain,” as the product gains value as it moves through each point throughout the supply chain. The value chain is another area where companies can gain a competitive advantage. Costs, revenues, and values are assigned at each stage, and companies can gain a competitive edge by controlling or regulating cost drivers, reconfiguring the value chain, or through other means.
• Flow of Risk – Risks are prevalent in the supply chain. Risks may be disruptions, price volatility, issues with product or service quality, physical infrastructure deficiencies, natural disasters, or even reputation management concerns, such as reputation damage resulting from a cyberattack that impacts vendors and suppliers or end customers. Risks may also be financial in nature, such as cash flow constraints, delayed cash payments, or inventory financing issues. Risks may be internal or external, and the level or risk can increase or decrease with fluctuations in any of the other four process flows. External risks can occur from the upstream or the downstream of the supply chain, such as demand risks resulting from unpredictable consumer demand or inaccurate demand forecasting, or supply risks resulting from disruptions in the flow of goods to or from external partners, suppliers, or vendors. Internal risks result from events that are within the organization’s control, such as manufacturing risks arising from disruptions in production, planning or control risks resulting from poor assessment and planning, or mitigation and contingency risks resulting from a failure to establish contingencies.

When these flows are properly integrated, better collaboration and coordination can exist. Increased visibility and real-time information sharing aligns supply chain partners and facilitates greater flexibility to adapt to external factors such as unexpected shifts in demand, increased competition, regulatory changes, and other factors.

The Key Elements of Supply Chain Management

Ultimately, supply chain management aims to boost revenue and cut costs while having a positive impact on the company’s bottom line. Now that we’ve established a broader understanding of supply chain management – the three levels of SCM and five core process flows – it’s easier to understand how the many facets of supply chain management work together on a more granular level. Here’s a look at some of the core elements of supply chain management that exist below the macro-level concepts discussed previously. 

Demand Management

In order to accurately plan and manage inventory, companies must monitor activity, identify trends, and make predictions to forecast future demand. This enables organizations to better plan and configure the flow of manufacturing processes to ensure that these demands are met. Also known as consumption management or strategic spend management, demand management enables organizations to address external spending, arrange and manage purchase orders, and eliminate waste.
Demand management can help companies answer pertinent questions such as:

• Are there opportunities to obtain volume discounts?
• What impact does order timing have on pricing?
• Are the best suppliers being utilized for raw materials and other goods and supplies?
• Can improvements be made in contract processes?

Communication and Collaboration

As modern supply chains become increasingly complex, there’s a pressing need for streamlined communication and collaboration. It’s worth noting that in some schools of thought, communication and collaboration are considered as distinct elements within supply chain management. Effective communication, both internally and externally, improves visibility throughout the supply chain, which can eliminate mistakes, enhance relationships with vendors and suppliers, and ensure that all people involved in the supply chain from start to finish are aware of their responsibilities – in short, communication is an important factor in the people element, making sure that everyone has the information they need to do their jobs better and on time.  Today, communication is largely fueled by technology.
While communication refers primarily to the sharing of information, you can think of collaboration as the relationships that exist (and must be nurtured) between organizations and their vendors and suppliers, end consumers, and any other partners or third parties. Strengthened relationships with suppliers can enable organizations to obtain discounts, resulting in lower costs, and it also enhances stability and flexibility. The two concepts are distinct, but closely related, as communication is imperative for effective collaboration.

Business Process Integration

An individualistic approach to supply chain management – one in which individual workers and departments are treated as stand-alone, independent entities – has become ineffective in modern supply chain management. It’s impossible to facilitate the continuous, streamlined flow of supplies, goods, and processes throughout the complex supply chain when functions, people, and departments exist in silos.
Business process integration seeks to eliminate those silos, ultimately considering the various workers, departments, and functions as a cohesive entity. Processes and functions in the supply chain are often interwoven, with most processes having an impact (or being impacted by) other functions and processes. Understanding how these processes work and relate to one another allows organizations to identify processes most suitable for integration. Business process integration can involve several or all of a multitude of processes, such as:

• Relationship Management with Customers and Suppliers – The process of managing relationships with customers, including customer service functions, as well as providing real-time information to customers such as product availability, shipping information, and so on. On the supplier side, effective relationship management is imperative to procurement efforts.
• Product Development – Decreasing time to market shortens product life cycles, which has an impact on revenue. Product development processes should be integrated with customer relationship management and customer service, as well as with supplier relationship management.
• Procurement – Finding the right suppliers, resource allocation, and monitoring the demand for raw materials and other supplies are key facets of procurement. But procurement is tied closely with placing and managing orders, logistics, storage and warehousing, and inventory management, so procurement processes should be considered when planning for business process integration.
• Manufacturing Flow Management – Raw materials and supplies are often stored to ensure availability for manufacturing, tying manufacturing flow management closely to inventory management as well.
• Inventory Management – Inventory management must address both raw materials and supplies necessary for manufacturing as well as finished products. If raw materials aren’t available for manufacturing, delays can occur – particularly if supplier relationships are suffering, which can mean the difference between receiving a rapid shipment or having to spend time securing another supplier.
• Order Management – The process of receiving orders from customers, fulfilling those orders, and the logistics processes involved in getting finished products to the end consumer are dependent on procurement, manufacturing flow, and other processes, and effective order management makes a substantial impact on customer relationships.
• Distribution and Logistics – While it’s often the final process in the supply chain (not considering returns, which don’t occur in all cases), distribution and logistics can hinder supply chain effectiveness even when all prior processes are carried out efficiently. Delays in shipping can leave a lasting impact on customers, affecting the customer relationship.

Like communication and collaboration, business process integration is fueled by technology in many cases. Enterprise application integration (EAI) technology is one such solution, while many modern supply chain management solutions also aim to integrate core SCM processes to streamline real-time information sharing. However, integrating business processes is typically a gradual process, with a focus on integrating processes with the greatest ROI potential first, often starting with internal processes and incrementally working outward through the rest of the supply chain.

Supply Chain Management Challenges for Modern Businesses

Obviously, with so many moving parts, processes that must work cohesively, relationships to manage, and other factors to consider, supply chain management is an incredibly complex function. Here’s a look at some of the main challenges facing today’s organizations in supply chain management.

Globalization

Globalization is a broad concept, but within it are several specific challenges in supply chain management. For instance, supply chain management is focused on reducing costs throughout the supply chain, and globalization often leads companies to move manufacturing operations to regions or countries where labor is more affordable, taxes are lower, or raw materials or transportation are more cost-effective.
Often, companies outsource production to several countries for various parts, components, or production phases. The procurement network necessarily expands as a result, which complicates the supply chain, leaving companies to navigate the manufacturing, storage, and logistics across borders. All of this must occur while maintaining acceptable delivery speed for end customers and maintaining real-time visibility into the complete production cycle.

Competition

Another challenge in supply chain management is increased competition. As barriers to entry in many industries are lower today than they were many years ago, it’s easier for new companies to emerge and threaten the market share of established organizations – often because they embrace innovations that enable them to produce the same end result with greater efficiency or at a lower cost. This challenge isn’t new; in fact, a 2010 survey conducted by McKinsey & Company found that increasing pressure from global competition was a key challenge for many survey respondents, both over the three years prior and looking ahead to the following five years (through 2015).
Competition is always a concern for supply chain organizations. However, companies started looking at competition through a new lens: leveraging effective supply chain management as a means to gaining a competitive advantage. How can you leverage your supply chain as a competitive advantage? By looking at your supply chain as a value chain and focusing on six core principles, according to Supply & Demand Chain Executive:

1. Focus on collaboration rather than competition.
2. Don’t lose sight of the big-picture goal.
3. Recognize the complex, but manage the simple.
4. Treat the central issue rather than the symptom.
5. Focus on cost drivers and business impacts.
6. Pursue ideas worth pursuing with your best effort.

Technology Adoption and Other Resource Utilization

Getting distracted by shiny new objects is a prominent challenge across many industries, and supply chain management is no exception. Implementing technology should have a clear benefit to the supply chain, from simplifying processes to improving visibility, enhancing efficiency, or lowering costs. Technology investments should produce ROI, whether directly or indirectly. That said, the temptation to jump on the latest technology bandwagon is real – often grounded in FOMO (fear of missing out). What happens if your competition invests in the latest technology advancement and you opted out, leaving them with a competitive advantage?
There are many technologies worth investing in to improve supply chain management processes; in fact, certain technologies are essential for effective operations. But investing in the wrong technology can have negative impacts that affect every facet of the organization, down to the bottom line. That’s why investments in technology and other resources require careful consideration and cost-benefit analysis.

Security

As supply chain organizations increasingly rely on technology, such as cloud computing, to streamline business processes, security vulnerabilities become an ever-more prominent threat. Security risks aren’t comprised only of cybersecurity, but also physical security risks, such as cargo theft. But the size and complexity of modern supply chains make managing security increasingly challenging: products change hands a multitude of times before reaching the end consumer, and often, multiple nations are involved in the process from production to delivery.
There’s a trust factor involved, of course, pointing to the need to carefully and thoroughly vet vendors, suppliers, and other partners. Supply chain security requires a multi-layered approach to create a secure, end-to-end physical chain of custody with clearly defined and enforced protocols, strict adherence to regulatory guidelines and standards, secure facilities and adequate surveillance, and thorough contractual agreements with trusted partners, as well as adequate cybersecurity tools and solutions to protect sensitive information.

Regulatory Compliance

Regulatory compliance is another prominent pain point in supply chain management, and globalization makes compliance even more complex. Environmental regulations, global trade rules, product integrity requirements, and other regulatory concerns have a major impact on the supply chain from end-to-end. Effective regulatory compliance means adhering to a variety of guidelines and standards including:

• Mandatory national, state, and local/municipal regulatory requirements
• Industry standards
• Trade agreements, including bi-lateral and multi-lateral trade agreements
• Contractual obligations
• Customer expectations
• Non-governmental organization (NGO) expectations

Effective compliance management is a multi-faceted approach that encompasses governance and leadership, risk assessment and due diligence, standards, policies, and procedures, training and communications, employee reporting, testing and monitoring, continuous improvement, and other processes and functions.

Supply Chain Management Technologies

As mentioned, technology is imperative for effective supply chain management, but choosing the right technology is paramount. Technology can aid in reducing shipping errors, organize and manage inventory data, monitor shipping and tracking information, and even manage orders with vendors and suppliers, including generating invoices and purchase orders.
As distribution centers have become a more central component in the supply chain, driven by the need to get products to consumers more rapidly than ever before, e-commerce businesses disrupt the retail space, and other disruptions are shifting the flow of goods through the supply chain, technology is essential for managing this increased complexity. Here’s a look at a few of the core technologies leveraged by modern supply chain organizations.

Asset Tracking

Asset tracking has long been a staple in supply chain management, serving as the foundation for the robust tracking and monitoring technologies organizations are leveraging today. It does little good to leverage inventory management technology, for instance, without asset tags, barcode labels, and RFID tags needed to facilitate automatic data capture. For organizations that manage thousands of parts and supplies, or thousands of SKUs or more, manual inventory management is simply not cost-effective, it’s not efficient, and it’s often rife with human errors.
Fortunately, asset tags and barcode labels are no longer merely a barcode printed on a flimsy sticker. Today’s asset tags and tracking labels are robust and durable, and customized to suit the application. For instance, modern warehouses can be equipped with a variety of warehouse labels, from warehouse floor labels to multi-level rack labels, cold storage labels, and even long-range retro-reflective labels for long-distance scanning. Coupled with indoor and outdoor signage, aisle signs, and dock signs, these solutions provide a complete, customized foundation that fuels efficiency and accuracy throughout the warehouse.

Supply Chain Management Software 

There are myriad software applications used in supply chain management, from data analytics and forecasting tools to customer relationship management software, inventory management software, and more. Supply chain management software is a distinct category with solutions often aiming to combine several of these functions as a single, fully integrated solution.
Supply chain management software generated more than $11.1 billion in 2016, a growth of nine percent (9%) over 2015 revenues, according to Modern Materials Handling. According to the article, Gartner predicts that the SCM market will grow to $19 billion by 2021, with growth driven by demand for Software as a Service (SaaS) applications. Leaders in the field include SAP, Oracle, JDA Software, Infor Global Solutions, and Manhattan Associates, among others. Overall, there are hundreds of supply chain management software solutions to choose from: Capterra lists more than 250 vendors, while Software Advice lists more than 200 supply chain management software solutions.

Cloud Computing

As mentioned, SaaS solutions are increasingly popular in supply chain management, due to the growing awareness of the functional benefits of the cloud. In fact, cloud computing is the key factor in the ability to accurately track a product through its entire lifecycle. Other benefits of cloud computing in supply chain management include:

• Advanced analytics capabilities (particularly when paired with IoT)
• The ability to integrate multiple platforms
• Reducing the hindrance of geographic and political boundaries
• Enhanced data security (although this depends on the cloud services provider, as well as security measures implemented by the user)
• Enhanced IT capabilities
• Reduced need for in-house IT departments
• Up and down scalability of resource utilization, allowing for better adaptability to market volatility
• Lower costs (better cost management over time, coupled with lower upfront investments – no need for an on-premise data center)

Mobility

Mobility makes real-time logistics management achievable for today’s organizations, boosting communications within transportation networks and enhancing the accuracy of productivity and efficiency metrics, while also eliminating many previously manual tasks, such as the need to radio or use onboard terminals to communicate deliveries, pickups, or adjustments. Manufacturers are looking at ways to embrace the use of mobile devices in the workplace, such as to facilitate real-time status alerts on employee locations, using apps to track truck locations, and more.
“Mobility is another tremendous tool providing applications that improve the quality of life by offering access and connectivity,” according to Bryan Ball in a white paper by Aberdeen Group. “In supply chains, it has enabled real-time capture of all transactions to paint an accurate picture of inventory positions, eliminating reviews and accelerating processes.” Mobility can help to pinpoint productivity gaps, allow for the use of trucking apps for logistics management, and even help to enable the real-time flow of information to customers.
Many other innovations are emerging as potential disruptors in supply chain management, from the Internet of Things (IoT) to robotics, self-driving vehicles, drones (for delivery), and more. This article from Inbound Logistics provides a solid overview of these and other technologies that are disrupting the supply chain.

Best Practices for Effective Supply Chain Management

All of these factors considered, it can be difficult to imagine how the many elements of supply chain management can work together as a cohesive, collaborative operation. Incorporating these best practices enables the supply chain to function like the well-oiled machine it should. 

• Make decisions in context. Operational decisions should be made with a clear understanding of the strategic goals and tactical decisions that are in place.
• Integrate everything. With the demand for real-time information sharing, and the clear benefits of robust communication both inside and outside the organization – throughout the entire supply chain – integrating systems, processes, and solutions is critical.
• Make smart investments in technology. While you want to avoid falling victim to new-shiny-object syndrome, many technologies exist that offer tremendous benefits in supply chain management. Start with implementing the foundational technologies described above, and then conduct a cost-benefit analysis to determine what innovations and investments stand to offer the most benefit to productivity, efficiency, and the bottom line.
• Leverage your data. Technology makes real-time data accessible for companies of all sizes. Analyzing your data provides insights that drive smarter decision-making, enabling you to select the right suppliers, negotiate better contracts, shorten product cycles, and increase inventory velocity.
• Nurture your relationships. Solid relationships with vendors, suppliers, and third-party entities, such as 3PL organizations, fosters better collaboration, which is crucial for supply chain optimization.
• Look at the supply chain like a value chain. When you view the supply chain as a value chain, your focus shifts to adding value at every stage along the product lifecycle. Ultimately, this increases value for the end consumer, which is good for business – and your reputation.
• Implement robust inventory management practices. Effective inventory management is a cornerstone of supply chain optimization. When you have complete visibility into your inventory, you can automate ordering, accurately plan production, and eliminate wasteful spend associated with excess stock.
• Mitigate risks and have contingencies in place. Any supply chain management decision carries some level of risk, but effective supply chain management effectively reduces those risks by having contingencies in place – as well as by making decisions with the risk-benefit ratio in mind. “Your supply chain council and leadership team members should be constantly reviewing procedures and policies to ensure compliance, efficiency, and currency,” suggests Hollingsworth Supply Chain Innovators. “This will help avoid process bottlenecks and help streamline operations while mitigating the risk of theft, fraud, and the like.”

Additional Resources on Supply Chain Management

To learn more about the challenges of supply chain management and best practices for optimizing your processes and implementing robust technology solutions to support your operations, visit the following resources:

• How Uber Parallels the 6 Design Principles of Digital Supply Chain
• Best practices for strategic supply chain management
• Supply Chain Management: Best Practices
• Supply Chain Best Practices: 5 Keys to Running a Synchronized Supply Chain
• 4 Quick Questions: Supply Chain Management Best Practices
• Procurement Best Practices in the Public Sector
• Three supply chain challenges and how to overcome them
• Supply Chain Issues: What’s Keeping Supply Chain Managers Awake at Night?
• Challenges of supply chain management
• Disruptive Technologies in Supply Chain

Supply chain management is a multi-faceted, highly complex function. Having a thorough understanding of the levels of supply chain management and the elements that must work together for effective operations enables organizations to develop and maintain a robust supply chain. An awareness of the challenges that exist, coupled with the implementation of best practices for effective supply chain management and leveraging the right technologies to streamline operations, are the factors that differentiate a best-in-class organization from the rest.
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• Rack Location Labels
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• Barcode Warehouse Labels
• UID Labeling
• Inventory Labels
• Aisle Signs
• Equipment ID Tags
• Warehouse Floor Labels
• Custom Warehouse Signs
• Foil Labels